How Legionella defend their turf

How do you defend a network?

Modern economies rely heavily on their infrastructure networks. These networks face threats ranging from natural disasters to human attacks. As networks are pervasive, the investments needed to protect them are very large; this motivates the study of targeted defense. What are the “key” nodes to defend to maximize functionality of the network? What are the incentives of individual nodes to prot...

How Autocrats Defend Themselves against Armed Rivals

How to Defend Punitive Damages Claims Effectively—and Maybe Successfully

A PUNITIVE damage award in a highprofile case is a corporate defense counsel’s worst nightmare. Consider, as examples, • $2.7 million punitive damages against McDonald’s Corp. for burns a customer suffered from a coffee spill; • $7.1 million for a secretary who prevailed in a sexual harassment case; • $101 million against General Motors in a design defect case; • $125 million against a pharmace...

Battling Phages: How Bacteria Defend against Viral Attack

Bacteriophages (phages) are accomplished, bacteria-specific, viral predators with far-reaching impact: from the food and biotechnology industries [1] to global nutrient cycling [2] to human health and disease [3]; wherever bacteria thrive, it seems, so do predatory phages. In order to survive the constant onslaught of phage, bacteria have evolved mechanistically diverse defense strategies that ...

Denial of Service Attacks and How to Defend Against Them

This paper is a survey on the problem of denial-of-service (DoS) attacks and proposed ways to deal with it. We describe the nature of the problem and look for its root causes, further presenting brief insights and suggested approaches for defending against DoS. We point out both the positive and negative sides of each potential solution. Future work identifies and justifies open research issues...